Arrhythmia, also known as cardiac arrhythmia

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Arrhythmia, also known as cardiac arrhythmia or heart arrhythmia, is a group of conditions in which the heartbeat is irregular, too fast, or too slow. The heart rate that is too fast – above 100 beats per minute in adults – is called tachycardia, and a heart rate that is too slow – below 60 beats per minute – is called bradycardia. Some types of arrhythmias have no symptoms. Symptoms when present may include palpitations or feeling a pause between heartbeats. In more serious cases, there may be lightheadednesspassing outshortness of breath or chest pain. While most types of arrhythmia are not serious, some predispose a person to complications such as stroke or heart failure. Others may result in sudden death.

There are four main groups of arrhythmia: extra beatssupraventricular tachycardiasventricular arrhythmias and bradyarrhythmias. Extra beats include premature atrial contractionspremature ventricular contractions and premature junctional contractions. Supraventricular tachycardias include atrial fibrillationatrial flutter and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Ventricular arrhythmias include ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. Arrhythmias are due to problems with the electrical conduction system of the heart. Arrhythmias may also occur in children, however, the normal range for the heart rate is different and depends on age. A number of tests can help with diagnosis including an electrocardiogram (ECG) and Holter monitor.

Most arrhythmias can be effectively treated. Treatments may include medications, medical procedures such as inserting a pacemaker and surgery. Medications for a fast heart rate may include beta blockers or agents that attempt to restore a normal heart rhythm such as procainamide. This latter group may have more significant side effects, especially if taken for a long period of time. Pacemakers are often used for slow heart rates. Those with an irregular heartbeat are often treated with blood thinners to reduce the risk of complications. Those who have severe symptoms from an arrhythmia may receive urgent treatment with a controlled electric shock in the form of cardioversion or defibrillation.

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Samuel G,
Editorial Manager,
Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine and Therapy.